Foster care statistics

Each year, over 20,000 young people "age out" the U.S. foster care system.

Older youth (aged 16–18) are more likely to be living in group homes or
institutions than the overall foster care population—the least “family-like” settings.

In 2005:
- 513,000 children were in foster care
- 48% were female (243,964)
- 41% were Caucasian (208,537)
- 94,650 were in group homes or other institutional settings
- 4,445 foster children ran away
- 51,000 children were adopted
- 114,000 children eligible for adoption and waiting for homes

Each week, nearly 60,000 children in the United States are reported as abused or neglected.

In 2003:
- 2.9 million reports of child abuse and neglect were filed
- Of those reports, 944,531 were referred for investigation
- 906,000 reports were substantiated or indicated
- 61% were neglected, 19% were physically abused, and 10% were sexually abused.
- Only 57.1% of these children received follow-up services

Seven out of 10 cases of child abuse and neglect are exacerbated by parental drug / alcohol abuse.

In 2005:
-40% of responding child welfare officials reported increases in the number of children placed in foster care due to parental methamphetamine use in the past year
-Children whose families do not receive appropriate treatment for alcohol and other drug abuse are more likely to end up in foster care, remain in foster care longer, and reenter foster care once they have returned home.

Role of caseworkers:
Federal Child and Family Service Reviews have clearly demonstrated that the more time a caseworker spends with a child and family, the better the outcomes for those children and families.

Currently, nationwide, staff shortages, high caseloads, high worker turnover, and low salaries impinge on the delivery of services to achieve safety, permanence, and well-being for children.

Sources:
Adoption and Foster Care Reporting and Analysis System (AFCARS)
Casey Family Programs
Chapin Hill Center for Children
Child Welfare Information Gateway: http://www.childwelfare.gov/
Child Welfare League of America (CWLA)

Caseworker Turnover & Recurrent Child Abuse

Annual turnover in child welfare agencies averages between 20 and 40 percent. Resources spend in replacing workers means money spent on administrative services, rather than services to at-risk families. Additionally, the experience and knowledge of frontline workers impacts the level of effectiveness in serving families.

Effective workers are generally those who are:
-Well trained and supported
-Given access to necessary resources to do their jobs
-Allotted a reasonable workload
-Valued by their employers (i.e., reasonable salary)

Cornerstones for Kids recently did a study that revealed a correlation between staff turnover and recurrent child abuse and neglect. They used 2002 data from 12 diverse California counties and were provided information on approximately 3,000 workers and 40,000 cases.

Researchers classified the counties as low, moderate or high functioning, based on workplace characteristics, efficiency measures and recurrence outcomes at 3, 6 and 12 months. The outcome of this study demonstrated that high staff turnover was associated with higher rates of recurrence of child abuse and neglect.

1.) Low functioning county agencies demonstrated the following characteristics:
- Lowest salaries for both workers and supervisors ($32,245 and $38,576, respectively)
- Least amount of training days for new workers (14 days)
- Required to be on-call

Efficiency rate of low functioning agencies:
- Staff turnover rate of 23%
- Maltreatment recurrence rates of 15 - 22 %.
- Highest rate of non-compliance with standard time of investigation (17.3%)
- Time from first contact to closing investigation greater than 60 days = 40.3%
- Care providers least likely to be given health and education documents (17.1%)
- Only 51% of children received a standard physical exam

2.) Moderate functioning agencies demonstrated the following characteristics:
- Salary in the median range for workers and supervisors ($41,154 and $51,1999 respectively)
- Moderate amount of training days for new workers (31 days)
- Educational reimbursement allowed
- Moderate effectiveness

3.) High functioning agencies demonstrated the following characteristics:
- Highest salaries for both workers and supervisors ($56, 71 and $70,057 respectively)
- Most amount of training days for new workers (48 days)
- Educational reimbursement allowed
- Best ratio of workers to supervisors
- On-call status was optional or not required

Efficiency rate of high functioning agencies:
- Lowest staff turnover rate (9%)
- Lowest rates of maltreatment recurrence (6-15%)
- Greater percentages of approved case plans (twice as many as low-functioning agencies)
- Care providers more likely to be given health and education documents (43.9%)
- 71.1% of children received a standard physical exam

Recommendations from the study's authors*:
1.) Increase salaries for workers and supervisors
2.) Eliminate overtime
3.) Eliminate of on-call work
4.) Emphasize completing written and approved case plans

*Please note that caseload size did not factor into this particular study, because the agencies that they studied did not exceed the recommended maximum levels.

**Also, the authors of the study didn't comment on it, but I find it interesting that the highest functioning agencies were more likely to make sure the child had a physical exam and to share medical information with care providers. That might prevent recurrent child abuse due to physical evidence, in my opinion.